… fluid retention such as pulmonary congestion or ankle swelling; and objective evidence of an
… A clinical response to treatment directed at HF alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis, but is …

… In the setting of acute pulmonary oedema, CPAP has been … However, admissions to hospital
with HF, albeit uncommon (… treatment, it is an important message that the effects of CPAP …

… airway pressure ventilation (CPAP + 10 cm H 2 O, FiO 2 1.0). … predisposing to renal proteinuria
and peripheral oedema. As a consequence … Septic cardiomyopathy is not uncommon but …

… are encouraged to take them fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement. The
guidelines do not… individual patients, in consultation with that patient, and where appropriate …

… effects are uncommon, occurring in 5% of patients but with … Peripheral oedema especially
in the lower limbs is known to … The cause is unknown but may relate to stimulation of the …

… (PaCO 2 ) and PaO 2 are unique. The activity of chemoreceptors in … it may play a role if there
is pulmonary disease or oedema. … The equipment required to perform CPAP has only been …

… with a baseline >90%) are offered CPAP. This approach is highly … give rise to the cerebral
oedema.160 If hypoxia progresses … syndrome are protean, and misdiagnosis is not uncommon. …

… or electrolyte abnormalities are uncommon in untreated mild to … or acute pulmonary oedema)
and in patients not responding … positive airway pressure (CPAP) should be considered in …

… CPAP continuous positive airway pressure CPE … (spoon-shaped nails, very rare finding in
severe chronic iron deficiency), … oedema with urticaria is not due to hereditary angio-oedema. …

… Emergencies are not uncommon in PAH. While expertise in … to the risk of malignant arrhythmia
in PAH remains unknown. … (CPAP) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) are generally well …